References

Sources, in one place

Every source cited on a published page, together with the standing regulators, registries and reporting standards this site points readers towards. Sources attached to unpublished records do not appear here.

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Showing all 233 references.

Reporting standard
5-amino-1-methylquinolinium, PubChem compound record CID 950107 (opens pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
US National Library of Medicine · accessed 20 August 2026
Confirms this is a small molecule rather than a peptide.
Cited in: 5-amino-1MQ
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
A comparative study of growth hormone and GH-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 for stimulation of growth in children with GH deficiency (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Acta Paediatrica Supplement, 1993 · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12834.x (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Found growth hormone clearly superior. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Sermorelin
Primary research
A comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam in the treatment of anxiety disorders (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Medvedev VE, Tereshchenko ON, Israelian AIu, et al.. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2014
Russian language. Active comparator, no placebo arm.
Cited in: Selank
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
A Phase 2 Clinical Trial on the Use of Cibinetide for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Lois N, et al.. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2020 · doi:10.3390/jcm9072225 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Negative on every objective endpoint. DOI confirmed registered via Crossref; the publisher page blocks automated access.
Cited in: ARA-290
Primary research
A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Genetics in Medicine, 2021 · doi:10.1038/s41436-020-01006-8 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Neither primary endpoint was met in the randomised phase.
Cited in: SS-31
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
A pilot study investigating changes in the human plasma and urine NAD+ metabolome during a 6 hour intravenous infusion of NAD (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, et al.. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2019 · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00257 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The only human pharmacokinetic data for the infused form. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: NAD+
Primary research
Acadesine for patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a multicentre phase I/II study (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Van Den Neste E, et al.. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 2013 · doi:10.1007/s00280-012-2033-5 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: AICAR
Regulator or official body
Active ingredients beginning with A — electronic Medicines Compendium index (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium · accessed 20 August 2026
Across 163 active ingredients beginning with A the index carries no entry for acadesine. No UK marketing authorisation exists, and none was established in any jurisdiction; development was discontinued after the phase 3 failure.
Cited in: AICAR
Regulator or official body
Active ingredients beginning with N — electronic Medicines Compendium index (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium · accessed 20 August 2026
Across seventy active ingredients beginning with N the index lists nicotinamide but no entry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. No NAD+ injectable holds a UK marketing authorisation, and none was found in any other jurisdiction. Of the oral precursors, nicotinamide riboside chloride is an authorised novel food in Great Britain; nicotinamide mononucleotide is not authorised and remains under assessment.
Cited in: NAD+
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Acute and delayed effects of DSIP on human sleep behavior (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Schneider-Helmert D, Gnirss F, Monnier M, et al.. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology, 1981
Six normal volunteers. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: DSIP
Primary research
Acute endurance exercise stimulates circulating levels of mitochondrial-derived peptides in humans (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
von Walden F, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Norrbom J, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021
Cited in: MOTS-c
GuidanceCitation not yet verified
Advertising Standards Authority (opens asa.org.uk in a new tab)
ASA · accessed 17 August 2026
Regulator or official body
Afamelanotide 16mg implant (Scenesse) — SMC advice (opens scottishmedicines.org.uk in a new tab)
Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2021 · accessed 20 August 2026
Records the licensed indication — prevention of phototoxic reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria — and that the product was authorised under exceptional circumstances in November 2014. The SMC accepted it for use in NHS Scotland. Afamelanotide is prescription only and restricted to specialist prescribers.
Cited in: Melanotan I
Review or secondary sourceCitation not yet verified
AICAr, a Widely Used AMPK Activator with Important AMPK-Independent Effects: A Systematic Review (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Višnjić D, et al.. Cells, 2021 · doi:10.3390/cells10051095 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
DOI confirmed registered via Crossref; the publisher page blocks automated access.
Cited in: AICAR
Reporting standard
Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, PubChem compound record CID 18439621 (opens pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
US National Library of Medicine · accessed 20 August 2026
Confirms the tetrapeptide sequence and lists Cortagen among its synonyms.
Cited in: Cortagen
Review or secondary source
An overview of benefits and risks of chronic melanocortin-1 receptor activation (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Böhm M, et al.. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2025 · doi:10.1111/jdv.20269 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Melanotan II
Regulator or official body
Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, Schedule 5 — pathogens and toxins (opens legislation.gov.uk in a new tab)
legislation.gov.uk, 2001 · accessed 22 August 2026
Lists “Botulinum toxins” under TOXINS. Premises holding listed toxins are subject to notification and security requirements under Part 7 of the Act.
Cited in: Botulinum toxin
Primary research
ARA 290 improves symptoms in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and increases corneal nerve fiber density (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Dahan A, et al.. Molecular Medicine, 2013 · doi:10.2119/molmed.2013.00122 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: ARA-290
Reporting standardCitation not yet verified
ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research (opens arriveguidelines.org in a new tab)
NC3Rs · accessed 17 August 2026
Cited to show how a reporting standard is presented alongside primary findings.
Cited in: Illustrative Compound BETA-2
Regulator or official body
Aviptadil/phentolamine mesilate (Invicorp) — Scottish Medicines Consortium advice (opens scottishmedicines.org.uk in a new tab)
Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2017 · accessed 22 August 2026
Advice of 11 December 2017 on the licensed UK product: aviptadil 25 micrograms with phentolamine mesilate 2 mg, intracavernosal injection, prescription-only. Confirms the licensed indication in erectile dysfunction.
Cited in: VIP
Regulator or official body
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2012 · accessed 20 August 2026
PL 00057/0934, Pfizer Limited, first authorised 29 March 2012. Legal category: Prescription only medicine. The authorised indication is narrow — it is licensed as the diluent syringe for one named product, not as a general-purpose diluent.
Cited in: Bacteriostatic water
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Blocked GHRP-6-induced GH secretion and absence of the synergic action of GHRP-6 plus GH-releasing hormone in patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Popovic V, Damjanovic S, Micic D, et al.. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1995 · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.3.7883854 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not confirmed.
Cited in: GHRP-6
Regulator or official body
BOTOX 100 Allergan Units Powder for solution for injection — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2024 · accessed 22 August 2026
Botulinum toxin type A, AbbVie Ltd. Legal category: prescription-only medicine. Licensed indications span focal spasticity, cervical dystonia, chronic migraine, overactive bladder, severe hyperhidrosis and defined aesthetic uses.
Cited in: Botulinum toxin
Review or secondary source
Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2014
Cited in: Botulinum toxin
Review or secondary source
Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Herd CP, et al.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018
Cited in: Botulinum toxin
Primary research
Brain Protein Expression Profile Confirms the Protective Effect of the ACTH(4-7)PGP Peptide in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Sudarkina OY, Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, et al.. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021
Cited in: Semax
Primary research
Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, et al.. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019 · doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003500 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: PT-141
Review or secondary source
Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Edinoff AN, et al.. Neurology International, 2022 · doi:10.3390/neurolint14010006 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Records the modest effect sizes and the non-significant secondary endpoint.
Cited in: PT-141
GuidanceCitation not yet verified
British Pharmacopoeia (opens pharmacopoeia.com in a new tab)
British Pharmacopoeia Commission · accessed 17 August 2026
Publishes general methods and monograph requirements used as reference points for analytical practice in the UK.
Cited in: What peptide purity percentages do and do not mean, Identity testing, High-performance liquid chromatography, Microbiological testing, Endotoxin testing
Primary research
Cagrilintide lowers bodyweight through brain amylin receptors 1 and 3 (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Carvas AO et al.. eBioMedicine, 2025 · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105836 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Cagrilintide
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Cagrilintide-semaglutide versus semaglutide or cagrilintide in people with type 2 diabetes (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Buse JB, Bajaj HS, Dalskov SM, et al.. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2026 · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00125-7 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The trial that compares the combination against each constituent separately. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Cagrilintide and semaglutide combination
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Cardiac effects of hexarelin in hypopituitary adults (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bisi G, Podio V, Valetto MR, et al.. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1999 · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00537-3 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not confirmed.
Cited in: Hexarelin
Review or secondary source
Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Longo N, Frigeni M, Pasquali M. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2016
Cited in: L-Carnitine
Primary research
Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (CARS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Muresanu DF, Heiss WD, Hoemberg V, et al.. Stroke, 2016 · doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009416 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Reported large superiority on upper-limb function. Funded by the manufacturer, with multiple authors declaring grants, consultancy or employment with it.
Cited in: Cerebrolysin
Review or secondary source
Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (opens cochrane.org in a new tab)
Ziganshina LE, Abakumova T, Nurkhametova D, et al.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023 · doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007026.pub7 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Seven trials, 1,773 participants. Note that this review pooled in a bovine-derived comparator, so its conclusion mentions cattle brain; Cerebrolysin itself is porcine.
Cited in: Cerebrolysin
Review or secondary source
Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia (opens cochrane.org in a new tab)
Cui S, Chen N, Yang M, et al.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019 · doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008900.pub3 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Six trials, 597 participants. Graded very low quality; the authors conclude the data are not definitive and effects may be too small to be clinically meaningful.
Cited in: Cerebrolysin
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Martens CR, Denman BA, Mazzo MR, et al.. Nature Communications, 2018 · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03421-7 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Concerns an oral precursor, not NAD+ itself. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: NAD+
Regulator or official body
Cibinetide — orphan designation EU/3/13/1191 (opens ema.europa.eu in a new tab)
European Medicines Agency, 2013 · accessed 20 August 2026
The page states plainly that an orphan designation is not a marketing authorisation. This is also an EU designation rather than a Great Britain one, so it confers no GB status. No UK marketing authorisation exists — confirmed against the electronic Medicines Compendium ingredient index, which lists 201 active ingredients beginning with C and carries no entry for cibinetide.
Cited in: ARA-290
Primary research
Cibinetide Improves Corneal Nerve Fiber Abundance in Patients With Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Neuropathic Pain (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Culver DA, et al.. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 2017 · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-21291 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Primary endpoint significant in only one of three dose groups; the pain difference was not significant.
Cited in: ARA-290
Trial registryCitation not yet verified
ClinicalTrials.gov (opens clinicaltrials.gov in a new tab)
National Library of Medicine · accessed 17 August 2026
Cited in: Illustrative Compound ALPHA-1, Research evidence versus clinical evidence
Review or secondary sourceCitation not yet verified
Cochrane Library (opens cochranelibrary.com in a new tab)
Cochrane · accessed 17 August 2026
Cited in: Research evidence versus clinical evidence
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Combined nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition and reduced-calorie diet normalizes body composition in obese mice (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Sampson CM, et al.. Scientific Reports, 2021 · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85051-6 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: 5-amino-1MQ
Regulator or official body
Commission Decision (EU) 2019/701 establishing a glossary of common ingredient names for use in the labelling of cosmetic products (assimilated Great Britain version) (opens legislation.gov.uk in a new tab)
legislation.gov.uk, 2019 · accessed 20 August 2026
The glossary contains Copper Tripeptide-1 and Copper Tripeptide-34, but no entry for Copper Tripeptide-3 — the name suppliers commonly attach to this compound. So unlike some related peptides it has no verified Great Britain cosmetic-ingredient identity. In any case the cosmetics regime reaches only the external parts of the body, so an injectable presentation falls outside it entirely and no UK marketing authorisation exists.
Cited in: AHK-Cu, SNAP-8
Review or secondary sourceCitation not yet verified
Comparison of the efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Antiviral Research, 2008 · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.014 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not directly accessible.
Cited in: Thymosin alpha-1
Review or secondary source
Cosmeceutical Peptides in the Framework of Sustainable Wellness Economy (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Errante F, et al.. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2020 · doi:10.3389/fchem.2020.572923 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Attributes the circulating mechanistic figure to manufacturer material rather than to a published experiment.
Cited in: SNAP-8
Review or secondary sourceCitation not yet verified
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2006 · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x (opens doi.org in a new tab)
States that the link between this peptide and sleep has never been further characterised, in part because of the lack of isolation of its gene, protein and possible receptor. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: DSIP
Regulator or official body
Determination That GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection Was Not Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness (opens govinfo.gov in a new tab)
US Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register, 2013 · accessed 20 August 2026
Correcting a common claim: the historical licence was a United States one, discontinued by the manufacturer in 2008. No current UK marketing authorisation exists, and whether a separate UK or EU authorisation ever existed could not be established.
Cited in: Sermorelin
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults by testing with GHRP-6 alone or in combination with GHRH: comparison with the insulin tolerance test (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Petersenn S, Jung R, Beil FU. European Journal of Endocrinology, 2002 · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1460667 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page returned an access error.
Cited in: GHRP-6
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Different roles of the IGF-I Ec peptide and mature IGF-I in myoblast proliferation and differentiation (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Yang SY, Goldspink G. FEBS Letters, 2002 · doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02918-6 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The original finding. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: MGF
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Direct comparison of the effects of intravenous kisspeptin-10, kisspeptin-54 and GnRH on gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Human Reproduction, 2015 · doi:10.1093/humrep/dev143 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Registration confirmed via the Crossref API; the publisher page blocks automated access.
Cited in: Kisspeptin-10
Primary research
Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Lau J, et al.. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2015
Cited in: Semaglutide
Trial registry
Dose Response Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcers (opens clinicaltrials.gov in a new tab)
ClinicalTrials.gov · accessed 19 August 2026
Phase 2, 72 participants, completed with results posted. Used full-length thymosin beta-4, not the fragment.
Cited in: TB-500
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists: pharmacological characterisation (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Larsen AT et al.. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2022 · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113842 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via the NCBI E-utilities API; the publisher page was not directly accessible.
Cited in: Cagrilintide
Regulator or official body
EarCalm Spray — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2008 · accessed 20 August 2026
PL 14017/0310. Glacial acetic acid 2.0 per cent weight for weight, for superficial infections of the external ear canal. Legal category: Pharmacy. This is the only UK product with acetic acid as an active ingredient outside two combination ear preparations. There is no UK-authorised acetic acid injection or injectable diluent.
Cited in: Acetic acid solution
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Effect of adenosine-regulating agent acadesine on morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery bypass grafting: the RED-CABG randomized controlled trial (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Newman MF, et al.. JAMA, 2012 · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.7633 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Stopped early for futility. DOI confirmed registered via Crossref with matching title; the publisher page blocks automated access.
Cited in: AICAR
Primary research
Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, et al.. Biogerontology, 2003
Found no effect on mean lifespan.
Cited in: Epitalon
Primary research
Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Stanley TL, et al.. JAMA, 2014
Cited in: Tesamorelin
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Effect of tetrapeptide cortagen on regeneration of sciatic nerve (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Turchaninova LN, Kolosova LI, Malinin VV, et al.. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2000 · doi:10.1023/a:1017532001908 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Cortagen
Primary research
Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study) (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Miasoedov NF, et al.. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 1997
Russian language. Non-randomised allocation, with an unmatched control group.
Cited in: Semax
Primary research
Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: a histopathological and biomechanical study (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y, et al.. Joint Diseases and Related Surgery, 2026 · doi:10.52312/jdrs.2026.2951 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The only published study testing any of these marketed blends against its own constituents. The combination showed no additive benefit and did not reach significance on the biomechanical endpoint that the single agent did.
Cited in: BPC-157 and TB-500 combination
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on sleep of chronic insomniac patients. A double-blind study (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bes F, Hofman W, Schuur J, et al.. Neuropsychobiology, 1992 · doi:10.1159/000118919 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Sixteen patients. Concluded short-term treatment is not likely to be of major therapeutic benefit. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: DSIP
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Malinin VV. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2004 · doi:10.1023/b:bebm.0000024393.40560.05 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cell culture using human donor lymphocytes. Not a clinical study, despite frequently being cited as one. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Cortagen
Primary research
Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Miller TR, Wagner JD, Baack BR, et al.. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery, 2006
Thirteen completers. No significant difference on objective endpoints.
Cited in: GHK-Cu
Primary research
Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Zozulya AA, Neznamov GG, Siuniakov TS, et al.. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2008
Russian language. Active comparator, no placebo arm.
Cited in: Selank
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Efficacy and safety of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide versus semaglutide alone in adults with overweight or obesity (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Yamauchi T, Becker NP, Hagemann CA, et al.. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2026 · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(25)00402-4 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record and abstract confirmed via the Europe PMC API; the publisher page was not opened, so this is marked unverified.
Cited in: Cagrilintide and semaglutide combination
Primary research
Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Neurology, 2023 · doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000207402 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Missed both co-primary endpoints.
Cited in: SS-31
Primary research
Efficacy of bioactive peptides loaded on hyaluronic acid microneedle patches: a monocentric clinical study (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Avcil M, et al.. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 2020 · doi:10.1111/jocd.13009 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Uncontrolled, and tested five actives together.
Cited in: SNAP-8
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Venkova K, Fraser G, Hoveyda HR, et al.. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2009 · doi:10.1124/jpet.108.149211 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Ipamorelin
Regulator or official body
Egrifta (tesamorelin) — withdrawn application, European Medicines Agency (opens ema.europa.eu in a new tab)
European Medicines Agency, 2012 · accessed 22 August 2026
Application withdrawn 21 June 2012 after the CHMP provisionally concluded that benefits did not outweigh risks.
Cited in: Tesamorelin
Regulator or official body
Elamipretide for treating Barth syndrome — Health Technology Briefing (opens io.nihr.ac.uk in a new tab)
NIHR Innovation Observatory, 2024 · accessed 20 August 2026
States that elamipretide does not hold a marketing authorisation in the EU or UK for any indication. Corroborated by its absence from the electronic Medicines Compendium ingredient index. A US accelerated approval was granted in September 2025 for Barth syndrome; that confers no UK status, and a UK paediatric investigation plan is a development-stage agreement rather than an authorisation.
Cited in: SS-31
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Eliminating Senescent Cells Can Promote Pulmonary Hypertension Development and Progression (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Circulation, 2023 · doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.058794 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The key contrary finding. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC and the DOI verified as registered via Crossref.
Cited in: FOXO4-DRI
Review or secondary source
Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, et al.. HSS Journal, 2025 · doi:10.1177/15563316251355551 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: BPC-157
Primary research
Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2003
Cited in: Epitalon
Reporting standardCitation not yet verified
EQUATOR Network reporting guidelines (opens equator-network.org in a new tab)
EQUATOR Network · accessed 17 August 2026
Index of CONSORT, STROBE, ARRIVE and related reporting standards referred to in this article.
Cited in: Research evidence versus clinical evidence
Primary research
Europe PMC search: "N-acetyl semax" OR "semax adamantane" OR "adamantyl semax" — zero results (opens ebi.ac.uk in a new tab)
Europe PMC REST API, 2026 · accessed 20 August 2026
Cited as the evidence for a negative. The query returns hitCount 0. A companion search for "adamax AND peptide" returned 18 records, none of them about this compound — all were unrelated computational and machine-learning papers. Re-running this URL reproduces the result.
Cited in: Adamax
Primary research
Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Mahlapuu M, Sidorowicz A, Mikosinski J, et al.. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2021 · doi:10.1111/wrr.12977 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Failed its primary endpoint.
Cited in: LL-37
Review or secondary source
Exploring the Role of Tripeptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Adnan SB, Maarof M, Fauzi MB, et al.. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2025
States that clinical trial data for this compound are lacking.
Cited in: GHK-Cu
Review or secondary source
Exploring the Role of Tripeptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Adnan SB, Maarof M, Fauzi MB, et al.. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2025 · doi:10.7150/ijms.118118 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Klow combination
Primary research
Exposure to the pharmaceutical excipients benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol among critically ill neonates (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Shehab N, et al.. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 2009 · doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31819a383c (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Bacteriostatic water
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Expression of IGF-I splice variants in young and old human skeletal muscle after high resistance exercise (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Hameed M, et al.. Journal of Physiology, 2003 · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.032136 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Measured endogenous expression; the peptide was not administered. Bibliographic record confirmed via NCBI E-utilities.
Cited in: MGF
Regulator or official body
FDA Grants Accelerated Approval to First Treatment for Barth Syndrome (opens fda.gov in a new tab)
US Food and Drug Administration, 2025 · accessed 20 August 2026
United States only. Accelerated approval on an intermediate endpoint, with a confirmatory trial required.
Cited in: SS-31
Primary research
FOXO4-DRI alleviates age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency by targeting senescent Leydig cells in aged mice (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Aging, 2020 · doi:10.18632/aging.102682 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Independent group.
Cited in: FOXO4-DRI
Regulator or official body
Freedom of Information response 24/274 — side effect reports for melanotan II products (opens gov.uk in a new tab)
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, 2024 · accessed 20 August 2026
States that products containing this substance are classified as medicines if injectable, that the MHRA has repeatedly acted to remove such products from the market for over ten years, and that users should stop immediately. An earlier response frames classification less absolutely, noting it is decided case by case rather than automatically.
Cited in: Melanotan II
Primary research
GABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission in IMR-32 Cells (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Filatova E, Kasian A, Kolomin T, et al.. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2017
Cited in: Selank
Primary research
GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Wang X, et al.. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2017
Cited in: GHK-Cu
Reporting standard
Glu-Asp-Arg, PubChem compound record CID 10273502 (opens pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
US National Library of Medicine · accessed 20 August 2026
Confirms the tripeptide sequence and lists Pinealon among its synonyms.
Cited in: Pinealon
Review or secondary source
Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: Facts, myths, evidence and controversies (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Sonthalia S, Daulatabad D, Sarkar R. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 2016
Cited in: Glutathione
Review or secondary source
Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Wu G, et al.. The Journal of Nutrition, 2004
Cited in: Glutathione
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Glycine-modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Gajda M, et al.. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2019 · doi:10.1002/dta.2489 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Forensic chemistry on seized material. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: CJC-1295 with DAC, CJC-1295 without DAC
Regulator or official body
Gonadorelin 100 micrograms powder for solution for injection — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2021 · accessed 22 August 2026
PL 17509/0005. Legal category: prescription-only medicine. Licensed for evaluating the functional capacity and response of the gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary.
Cited in: Gonadorelin
Regulator or official body
GRAS Notice Inventory — search returning no records for this substance (opens hfpappexternal.fda.gov in a new tab)
US Food and Drug Administration · accessed 20 August 2026
Searched directly and re-verified on alternative terms. No notice exists, therefore no FDA response letter exists. No UK marketing authorisation and no UK novel food authorisation either, so there is no lawful route to sale as a food or supplement in Great Britain.
Cited in: AOD-9604
Primary research
Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men (opens academic.oup.com in a new tab)
Laferrère B, Abraham C, Russell CD, et al.. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2005 · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1719 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Seven participants.
Cited in: GHRP-2
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Growth hormone status during long-term hexarelin therapy (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Rahim A, O’Neill PA, Shalet SM. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1998 · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.5.4812 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The sixteen-week study documenting the decline in response. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not confirmed.
Cited in: Hexarelin
Review or secondary source
Human antimicrobial host defense peptide LL-37 may prevent the spread of a local infection through multiple mechanisms: an update (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Svensson D, Nilsson BO. Inflammation Research, 2025 · doi:10.1007/s00011-025-02005-8 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: LL-37
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP. FASEB Journal, 2005 · doi:10.1096/fj.04-3284com (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: LL-37
Regulator or official bodyCitation not yet verified
Human Tissue Authority (opens hta.gov.uk in a new tab)
HTA · accessed 17 August 2026
Relevant where material is derived from human tissue or cells.
Regulator or official body
Hydroxocobalamin 1mg/ml Solution for Injection — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2026 · accessed 20 August 2026
PL 12762/0008, Mercury Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Legal category: Prescription only medicine. Cited to establish that injectable vitamin B12, a common constituent of these mixtures, is prescription only in the UK. Oral B12 is not — the distinction is the route, not the molecule.
Cited in: Lipo-C, Vitamin B12
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2003 · doi:10.1073/pnas.1834399100 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Registration confirmed via the Crossref API; the publisher page blocks automated access.
Cited in: Kisspeptin-10
Primary research
Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Belchetz PE, et al.. Science, 1978
The pulsatile-versus-continuous experiment on which the field turns.
Cited in: Gonadorelin
GuidanceCitation not yet verified
ICH guidelines (opens ich.org in a new tab)
International Council for Harmonisation · accessed 17 August 2026
Includes Q2 on validation of analytical procedures, which underpins what a stated method can support.
Cited in: What a certificate of analysis actually shows, What peptide purity percentages do and do not mean, Identity testing, Purity analysis, High-performance liquid chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Interpreting certificates of analysis, Storage conditions, Stability testing
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
IGF-1 LR3 does not promote growth in late-gestation growth-restricted fetal sheep (opens doi.org in a new tab)
White A, Stremming J, Wesolowski SR, et al.. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2025 · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00259.2024 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not confirmed.
Cited in: IGF-1 LR3
Regulator or official body
INCRELEX 10 mg/ml solution for injection (mecasermin) — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium · accessed 20 August 2026
Included for contrast. Mecasermin is recombinant human IGF-1 and IS a UK licensed medicine, marketing authorisation PL 08498/0041, for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency in children. IGF-1 LR3 is a different, structurally modified molecule with no authorisation anywhere. Conflating the two is the commonest factual error on this topic.
Cited in: IGF-1 LR3
Trial registryCitation not yet verified
International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (opens trialsearch.who.int in a new tab)
World Health Organization · accessed 17 August 2026
Primary research
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Koeth RA, et al.. Nature Medicine, 2013
Cited in: L-Carnitine
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Intranasal administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 in children with growth hormone deficiency (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Acta Paediatrica Supplement, 1993 · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12830.x (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Sermorelin
Primary research
Intranasal oxytocin in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Sikich L, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2103583 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The largest and longest trial of oxytocin outside obstetrics, and null on its primary outcome.
Cited in: Oxytocin
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al.. European Journal of Endocrinology, 1998 · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1390552 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Ipamorelin
Trial registryCitation not yet verified
ISRCTN registry (opens isrctn.com in a new tab)
BMC · accessed 17 August 2026
Cited in: Illustrative Compound ALPHA-1
Reporting standardCitation not yet verified
IUPAC-IUB nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides (opens iupac.qmul.ac.uk in a new tab)
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry · accessed 17 August 2026
Standard nomenclature for amino acid and peptide description.
Cited in: What is a peptide?
Regulator or official body
Levocarnitine Paediatric 30% oral solution — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2023 · accessed 22 August 2026
Legal category: prescription-only medicine; licensed for primary and secondary carnitine deficiency. The injectable presentation (Carnitor Injection, PL 45043/0110) is likewise prescription-only — PL number confirmed against the MHRA products register 20 August 2026.
Cited in: L-Carnitine
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Long [R3] insulin-like growth factor-I reduces growth, plasma growth hormone, IGF binding protein-3 and endogenous IGF-I concentrations in pigs (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Dunaiski V, Dunshea FR, Walton PE, et al.. Journal of Endocrinology, 1997 · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1550559 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not confirmed.
Cited in: IGF-1 LR3
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Long R3 insulin-like growth factor-I infusion stimulates organ growth but reduces plasma IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF binding protein concentrations in the guinea pig (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Conlon MA, Tomas FM, Owens PC, et al.. Journal of Endocrinology, 1995 · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1460247 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not confirmed.
Cited in: IGF-1 LR3
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Long-term administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide mitigates age-associated physiological decline in mice (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cell Metabolism, 2016 · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.013 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: NAD+
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Genetics in Medicine, 2024 · doi:10.1016/j.gim.2024.101138 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Uncontrolled extension. Bibliographic record confirmed via NCBI E-utilities.
Cited in: SS-31
Primary research
LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Coskun T, et al.. Molecular Metabolism, 2018
Cited in: Tirzepatide
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Coskun T et al.. Cell Metabolism, 2022 · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.07.013 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via the NCBI E-utilities API; the publisher page was not directly accessible.
Cited in: Retatrutide
Primary research
Mazdutide versus dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Guo L, et al.. Nature, 2026 · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10031-z (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The only active-comparator phase 3 trial.
Cited in: Mazdutide
Review or secondary source
Mazdutide: first approval (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Shirley M. Drugs, 2025 · doi:10.1007/s40265-025-02249-y (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Records the Chinese approvals and the absence of any other.
Cited in: Mazdutide
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Mechano-growth factor peptide, the COOH terminus of unprocessed insulin-like growth factor 1, has no apparent effect on myoblasts or primary muscle stem cells (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Fornaro M, et al.. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2014 · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00408.2013 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The replication failure. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC and the DOI verified as registered via Crossref.
Cited in: MGF, PEG-MGF
Regulator or official bodyCitation not yet verified
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (opens gov.uk in a new tab)
GOV.UK · accessed 17 August 2026
The UK regulator for medicines and medical devices. The starting point for any question about the status of a product in the UK.
Primary research
Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al.. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008 · doi:10.1002/ibd.20334 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: KPV
Primary research
Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Nelson ME, et al.. Clinical Toxicology, 2012 · doi:10.3109/15563650.2012.740637 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Melanotan II
Primary research
Melanotan II nasal spray: a possible risk factor for oral mucosal malignant melanoma? (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Yassin Alsabbagh A, et al.. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2025 · doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2025.03.014 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Melanotan II
Regulator or official body
MENOPUR 75 IU powder and solvent for solution for injection — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2022 · accessed 22 August 2026
PL 03194/0074, Ferring Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Legal category: prescription-only medicine. Active substance menotrophin, 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH bioactivity per vial.
Cited in: HMG
Primary research
Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Falutz J, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine, 2007
Cited in: Tesamorelin
Regulator or official bodyCitation not yet verified
MHRA Products portal (opens products.mhra.gov.uk in a new tab)
MHRA · accessed 17 August 2026
Searchable record of products authorised in the UK, including the patient information leaflet and summary of product characteristics.
Review or secondary source
Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Théry C, et al.. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2018
Cited in: Exosome-related material
Review or secondary sourceCitation not yet verified
Modulation of neurotrophic factors in the treatment of dementia, stroke and TBI: Effects of Cerebrolysin (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Rejdak K, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Bienkowski P, et al.. Medicinal Research Reviews, 2023 · doi:10.1002/med.21960 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not separately confirmed.
Cited in: Cerebrolysin
Primary research
MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Reynolds JC, Lai RW, Woodhead JST, et al.. Nature Communications, 2021
Cited in: MOTS-c
Regulator or official body
Mounjaro KwikPen solution for injection in pre-filled pen — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2024 · accessed 22 August 2026
Active substance tirzepatide; marketing authorisation holder Eli Lilly and Company Limited. Legal category: prescription-only medicine. Licensed for type 2 diabetes and for weight management alongside diet and physical activity.
Cited in: Tirzepatide
Review or secondary sourceCitation not yet verified
NAD+ supplementation for ageing and wellness: a PRISMA-guided systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Gallagher C, Emmanuel OO. Ageing Research Reviews, 2026 · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103057 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
States that no eligible outcomes trial evaluated intravenous or intramuscular NAD+ itself. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: NAD+
GuidanceCitation not yet verified
NHS (opens nhs.uk in a new tab)
NHS · accessed 17 August 2026
For readers seeking health information about themselves rather than information about research.
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Trammell SA, Schmidt MS, Weidemann BJ, et al.. Nature Communications, 2016 · doi:10.1038/ncomms12948 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: NAD+
Regulator or official body
No summer shortcut for safe weight loss (opens gov.uk in a new tab)
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, 2026 · accessed 19 August 2026
States that retatrutide has not been authorised for use in the UK, and that products sold under the name have not been tested for safety, quality or effectiveness.
Cited in: Retatrutide
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Novel recombinant fusion protein analogues of insulin-like growth factor I indicate the relative importance of IGF-binding protein and receptor binding for enhanced biological potency (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Francis GL, Ross M, Ballard FJ, et al.. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 1992 · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0080213 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The founding characterisation paper. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page returned an access error.
Cited in: IGF-1 LR3
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Lau DCW et al.. The Lancet, 2021 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01751-7 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via the NCBI E-utilities API; the publisher page was not directly accessible.
Cited in: Cagrilintide
Primary research
Once-weekly mazdutide in Chinese adults with obesity or overweight (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Ji L, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2411528 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Mazdutide
Primary research
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Wilding JPH, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine, 2021
STEP 1, 1,961 participants, 68 weeks.
Cited in: Semaglutide
Primary research
One-year intranasal application of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 improves body weight and hypoglycemia in a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Haruta I, Fuku Y, Kinoshita K, et al.. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 2015 · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12028 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
A single patient.
Cited in: GHRP-2
Review or secondary source
Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Wang H, et al.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018
Cited in: Vitamin B12
Primary research
Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al.. Molecular Therapy, 2017 · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.020 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: KPV
Regulator or official body
Ovitrelle 250 micrograms solution for injection in pre-filled pen — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2023 · accessed 22 August 2026
PLGB 11648/0273, Merck Serono Ltd. Legal category: prescription-only medicine. Active substance choriogonadotropin alfa (recombinant hCG).
Cited in: HCG
Regulator or official body
Oxytocin 10 IU/ml Concentrate for Solution for Infusion — Summary of Product Characteristics, section 6.1 (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2016 · accessed 20 August 2026
Cited as a worked example of glacial acetic acid appearing as an authorised pH-adjusting excipient in a UK injectable.
Cited in: Acetic acid solution, Oxytocin
Primary research
PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HTT, et al.. Gastroenterology, 2008 · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: KPV
Review or secondary source
Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Tewari K, Liu TP, Im C, et al.. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2026 · doi:10.1177/03635465261464420 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Discusses the constituents individually, as does every review located. None studies the mixture.
Cited in: Glow combination
Review or secondary source
Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Vyunova TV, Andreeva L, Shevchenko K, et al.. Protein and Peptide Letters, 2018
Cited in: Selank
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 2003
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the article page was blocked to automated retrieval.
Cited in: Thymalin
Primary research
Pervasive social deficits, but normal parturition, in oxytocin receptor-deficient mice (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Takayanagi Y, et al.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005 · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505312102 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Oxytocin
Review or secondary source
Pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: IUPHAR Review 1 (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Harmar AJ, et al.. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2012
Cited in: VIP
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Pichia pastoris secreted peptides crossing the blood-brain barrier and DSIP fusion peptide efficacy in insomnia mouse models (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Mu X, Qu L, Yin L, et al.. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2024 · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1439536 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Tested a fusion construct rather than the peptide itself. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: DSIP
Primary research
Pineal-regulating tetrapeptide epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis pigmentosa (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Khavinson V, Razumovsky M, Trofimova S, et al.. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 2002
Unregistered, with no described randomisation or blinding.
Cited in: Epitalon
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Khavinson V, Ribakova Y, Kulebiakin K, et al.. Rejuvenation Research, 2011 · doi:10.1089/rej.2011.1172 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Pinealon
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Arutjunyan A, Kozina L, Stvolinskiy S, et al.. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2012
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Pinealon
Primary research
Polypeptide with broad biological activity: isolation from small intestine (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Said SI, Mutt V. Science, 1970
Cited in: VIP
Review or secondary sourceCitation not yet verified
Pralmorelin: GHRP 2, GPA 748, growth hormone-releasing peptide 2, KP-102 D (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Drugs in R&D, 2004 · doi:10.2165/00126839-200405040-00011 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Records the Japanese approval as a diagnostic agent. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: GHRP-2
Primary research
Preclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157, a potential drug for treating various wounds (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Xu C, Sun L, Ren F, et al.. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2020 · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104665 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: BPC-157
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295 in healthy adults (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al.. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006 · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1536 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Single-agent, and only for the long-acting form. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: CJC-1295 and ipamorelin combination, CJC-1295 with DAC
Review or secondary source
Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Salati JA, et al.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019 · doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001808.pub3 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Oxytocin
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014 · doi:10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Single-agent, and did not lead to approval. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: CJC-1295 and ipamorelin combination, Ipamorelin
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
PubMed (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
National Library of Medicine · accessed 17 August 2026
Included to demonstrate citation formatting. A real profile cites specific papers, not a search portal.
Cited in: Illustrative Compound ALPHA-1, What is a peptide?
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006 · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1702 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: CJC-1295 with DAC
Primary research
Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Richie JP Jr, et al.. European Journal of Nutrition, 2015
Cited in: Glutathione
Review or secondary source
Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
van Wely M, et al.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011
42 trials, 9,606 couples; no substantive difference in live birth.
Cited in: HMG
Review or secondary source
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Pickart L, Margolina A. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018
Authored by the compound’s principal proponent, who holds commercial interests in it. Read accordingly.
Cited in: GHK-Cu
Regulator or official body
Regulated products register: acetic acid (E 260) (opens data.food.gov.uk in a new tab)
Food Standards Agency, 2020 · accessed 20 August 2026
Authorised as a food additive in Great Britain with effect from 31 December 2020.
Cited in: Acetic acid solution
Regulator or official body
Regulation 1223/2009 and the Cosmetic Products Enforcement Regulations 2013: Great Britain (opens gov.uk in a new tab)
Office for Product Safety and Standards · accessed 20 August 2026
Under the INCI name Copper Tripeptide-1 this substance is used in topical cosmetics, which require notification rather than a marketing authorisation. The statutory guidance is explicit that products intended to be ingested, inhaled, injected or implanted are not cosmetic products, so injectable preparations fall outside that regime and hold no UK authorisation.
Cited in: GHK-Cu
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19 (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2021 · doi:10.1007/s12015-020-10087-6 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Non-randomised. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Thymalin
Primary research
RGN-259 (Thymosin beta-4) Ophthalmic Solution in Neurotrophic Keratopathy: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-masked phase 3 clinical trial (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Sosne G, et al.. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023 · doi:10.3390/ijms24010554 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: TB-500
Review or secondary source
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Mendias CL, Awan TM. Sports Medicine, 2026 · doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The peer-reviewed companion to the sample-quality analysis. Concludes that rigorous human safety data are scarce across this class.
Cited in: BPC-157 and TB-500 combination, Glow combination, Klow combination
Primary research
Safety and Metabolism of AOD9604, a Novel Nutraceutical Ingredient for Improved Metabolic Health (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Moré MI, Kenley D. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2014 · doi:10.14740/jem213w (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The source of the self-affirmed GRAS claim. Sponsor-affiliated authorship.
Cited in: AOD-9604
Primary research
Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2013 · doi:10.4021/jem157w (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Sponsor-affiliated authorship. Note that this paper is frequently miscited to the Journal of Obesity, which did not publish it.
Cited in: AOD-9604
Guidance
Safety Assessment of Tripeptide-1, Hexapeptide-12, their Metal Salts and Fatty Acyl Derivatives (opens cir-safety.org in a new tab)
Cosmetic Ingredient Review · accessed 20 August 2026
Contains no entry for this compound, which is why no safety assessment can be cited for it.
Cited in: AHK-Cu
Review or secondary source
Safety of Cerebrolysin for Neurorecovery after Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Twelve Randomized-Controlled Trials (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Strilciuc S, Vécsei L, Boering D, et al.. Pharmaceuticals, 2021 · doi:10.3390/ph14121297 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Reached a more reassuring safety conclusion than Cochrane on a broadly overlapping evidence base. Declared no external funding.
Cited in: Cerebrolysin
Primary research
Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Lee E, Burgess K. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2025
Two participants. Reported as a pilot, not a controlled safety study.
Cited in: BPC-157
Regulator or official body
Search of the electronic Medicines Compendium for cagrilintide (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium · accessed 19 August 2026
Returns no results. The compendium holds UK product information for authorised medicines, so the absence of an entry indicates no UK marketing authorisation exists. No MHRA document naming cagrilintide was found, so this record rests on absence from the register rather than on an affirmative regulator statement.
Cited in: Cagrilintide
Regulator or official body
Search of the electronic Medicines Compendium for retatrutide (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium · accessed 19 August 2026
Returns no results, corroborating the absence of any UK product information for this compound.
Cited in: Retatrutide
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Neelakantan H, et al.. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2018 · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.007 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The foundational obesity paper. Refers to a class of inhibitors rather than naming this compound specifically. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: 5-amino-1MQ
Primary research
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Marso SP, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine, 2016
SUSTAIN-6.
Cited in: Semaglutide
Primary research
Senolytic Peptide FOXO4-DRI Selectively Removes Senescent Cells From in vitro Expanded Human Chondrocytes (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021 · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.677576 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Independent group, primary human cells.
Cited in: FOXO4-DRI
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Short Peptides Protect Fibroblast-Derived Induced Neurons from Age-Related Changes (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Kraskovskaya N, Linkova N, Sakhenberg E, et al.. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024 · doi:10.3390/ijms252111363 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Pinealon
Primary research
Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone. I. The proposed amino acid sequence (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Matsuo H, et al.. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1971
Cited in: Gonadorelin
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Structure-Activity Relationship for Small Molecule Inhibitors of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Neelakantan H, et al.. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2017 · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00389 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record and abstract confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page blocks automated access.
Cited in: 5-amino-1MQ
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Study of delta sleep-inducing peptide efficacy in improving sleep on short-term administration to chronic insomniacs (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Monti JM, Debellis J, Alterwain P, et al.. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research, 1987
Found no significant differences against baseline or placebo. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: DSIP
Regulator or official body
Supply unlicensed medicinal products (specials) (opens gov.uk in a new tab)
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency · accessed 20 August 2026
No UK marketing authorisation exists. Cited for the regulatory terminology distinction: an unlicensed medicine in UK usage is a special manufactured or imported for an individual patient, which this preparation is not.
Cited in: Thymalin
Regulator or official body
Swissmedic warning: illegal medicinal product "Lemon Bottle" lipolysis solution (opens swissmedic.ch in a new tab)
Swissmedic (Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products), 2024 · accessed 20 August 2026
Published 26 March 2024. States that the ingredients do not match the declaration and vary greatly from pack to pack, that one sample contained only caffeine and another none of the listed ingredients, that no medicinal effect has been scientifically proven, and that the product is not authorised and may not be sold, dispensed or used in Switzerland.
Cited in: Lemon Bottle
Primary research
Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Esposito S, Deventer K, Goeman J, et al.. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2012 · doi:10.1002/dta.1402 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Establishes that material sold as TB-500 is the seven-residue fragment, not full-length thymosin beta-4.
Cited in: BPC-157 and TB-500 combination, Glow combination
Primary research
Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Esposito S, Deventer K, Goeman J, et al.. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2012 · doi:10.1002/dta.1402 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Establishes that material sold as TB-500 is the acetylated fragment, not full-length thymosin beta-4.
Cited in: TB-500
Primary research
Synthetic Adrenocorticotropic Peptides Modulate the Expression Pattern of Immune Genes in Rat Brain following the Early Post-Stroke Period (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Filippenkov IB, Remizova JA, Stavchansky VV, et al.. Genes, 2023
Cited in: Semax
Review or secondary source
Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides: A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Berlanga-Acosta J, Abreu-Cruz A, Herrera DGB, et al.. Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology, 2017 · doi:10.1177/1179546817694558 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: GHRP-6
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Wessells H, et al.. Journal of Urology, 1998 · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62903-3 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Ten participants. Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Melanotan II
Primary research
Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Baar MP, et al.. Cell, 2017 · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.031 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The originating study. Checked for corrections, errata and expressions of concern; none found.
Cited in: FOXO4-DRI
Review or secondary source
The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Kalluri R, LeBleu VS. Science, 2020
Cited in: Exosome-related material
Review or secondary source
The cardiovascular action of hexarelin (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Mao Y, Tokudome T, Kishimoto I. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, 2014 · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.03.007 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Hexarelin
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
The combined administration of GH-releasing peptide-2, TRH and GnRH to men with prolonged critical illness (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Van den Berghe G, Baxter RC, Weekers F, et al.. Clinical Endocrinology, 2002 · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01255.x (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not confirmed.
Cited in: GHRP-2
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
The delayed effect of cortagen on the restoration of injured nerve function (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Kolosova LI, Moiseeva AB, Turchaninova LN, et al.. Doklady Biological Sciences, 2002 · doi:10.1023/a:1016098302564 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: Cortagen
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
The disordered p53 transactivation domain is the target of FOXO4 and the senolytic compound FOXO4-DRI (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Nature Communications, 2025 · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60844-9 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: FOXO4-DRI
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
The effect of repeated administration of hexarelin and growth hormone releasing hormone on growth hormone responsivity (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Massoud AF, Hindmarsh PC, Matthews DR, et al.. Clinical Endocrinology, 1996 · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.722543.x (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not confirmed.
Cited in: Hexarelin
Primary research
The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Pyo HK, et al.. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2007 · doi:10.1007/bf02978833 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The single study underpinning this compound.
Cited in: AHK-Cu
Primary research
The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta-3 adrenoceptor knock-out mice (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Heffernan M, et al.. Endocrinology, 2001 · doi:10.1210/endo.142.12.8522 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: AOD-9604
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
The effects of kisspeptin-10 on reproductive hormone release show sexual dimorphism in humans (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2011 · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1408 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Registration confirmed via the Crossref API; the publisher page blocks automated access.
Cited in: Kisspeptin-10
Primary research
The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
BMJ, 2025 · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-082583 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
The largest trial of this compound. Found no mortality benefit.
Cited in: Thymosin alpha-1
Primary research
The efficacy of semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Gusev EI, Martynov MY, Kostenko EV, et al.. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2018
Russian language.
Cited in: Semax
Primary research
The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Critical Care, 2013 · doi:10.1186/cc11932 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Thymosin alpha-1
Review or secondary source
The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating the GH-IGF1 axis (opens frontiersin.org in a new tab)
Dominikowski A, Rękoś Z, Olejarz M, et al.. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2026 · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1822475 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
States that the stacking practice rests on anecdotal rationale, and records that the form usually combined is the one without published human pharmacokinetics.
Cited in: CJC-1295 and ipamorelin combination, CJC-1295 without DAC, Ipamorelin, PEG-MGF
Primary research
The gasping syndrome and benzyl alcohol poisoning (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Gershanik J, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine, 1982 · doi:10.1056/NEJM198211253072206 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Bacteriostatic water
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty (opens doi.org in a new tab)
New England Journal of Medicine, 2003 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035322 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Registration confirmed via the Crossref API; the publisher page blocks automated access.
Cited in: Kisspeptin-10
Regulator or official bodyCitation not yet verified
The Human Medicines Regulations 2012 (opens legislation.gov.uk in a new tab)
legislation.gov.uk · accessed 17 August 2026
The principal UK legislation governing medicinal products, including the definition of a medicinal product and restrictions on advertising.
Regulator or official body
The Human Medicines Regulations 2012, regulation 2 — definition of a medicinal product (opens legislation.gov.uk in a new tab)
legislation.gov.uk, 2012 · accessed 19 August 2026
A substance presented as having properties for treating disease, or administered to modify a physiological function, is a medicinal product. No product containing this compound holds a UK marketing authorisation.
Cited in: BPC-157, KPV, TB-500
Regulator or official body
The Human Medicines Regulations 2012, regulation 46 — prohibition on sale or supply of an unauthorised medicinal product (opens legislation.gov.uk in a new tab)
legislation.gov.uk, 2012 · accessed 20 August 2026
No UK marketing authorisation and no UK novel food authorisation, so there is no lawful route to sale as a food or supplement in Great Britain either.
Cited in: 5-amino-1MQ, Adamax, BPC-157 and TB-500 combination, Cagrilintide and semaglutide combination, Cerebrolysin, CJC-1295 and ipamorelin combination, CJC-1295 with DAC, CJC-1295 without DAC, Cortagen, DSIP, Epitalon, Exosome-related material, FOXO4-DRI, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Glow combination, Glutathione, Hexarelin, IGF-1 LR3, Ipamorelin, Kisspeptin-10, Klow combination, Lemon Bottle, Lipo-C, LL-37, Mazdutide, Melanotan I, MGF, MOTS-c, PEG-MGF, Pinealon, Selank, Semax, Tesamorelin
Review or secondary source
The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Ascoli M, Fanelli F, Segaloff DL. Endocrine Reviews, 2002
Cited in: HCG
Review or secondary source
The Melanocortin System in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Insights into Its Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Gravina AG, Pellegrino R, Durante T, et al.. Cells, 2023 · doi:10.3390/cells12141889 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Covers the constituent’s own preclinical base, not the mixture.
Cited in: Klow combination
Primary research
The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001 · doi:10.1074/jbc.M104847200 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Registration and bibliographic detail confirmed via the Crossref API.
Cited in: Kisspeptin-10
Primary research
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al.. Cell Metabolism, 2015
Cited in: MOTS-c
Primary research
The MOTS-c K14Q polymorphism in the mtDNA is associated with muscle fiber composition and muscular performance (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Kumagai H, Natsume T, Kim SJ, et al.. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta — General Subjects, 2022
Cited in: MOTS-c
Review or secondary source
The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Gimpl G, Fahrenholz F. Physiological Reviews, 2001 · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Oxytocin
Regulator or official bodyCitation not yet verified
The Prohibited List (opens wada-ama.org in a new tab)
World Anti-Doping Agency · accessed 17 August 2026
Relevant to readers in tested sport. The list is revised annually and must be checked against the current edition.
Primary research
The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011 · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: BPC-157
GuidanceCitation not yet verified
The UK Advertising Codes (opens asa.org.uk in a new tab)
Committees of Advertising Practice · accessed 17 August 2026
The CAP and BCAP codes, which govern how medicines and health claims may be advertised in the UK.
Regulator or official body
Thymalfasin — orphan designation EU/3/02/110 (opens ema.europa.eu in a new tab)
European Medicines Agency, 2002 · accessed 20 August 2026
No UK marketing authorisation exists. The EMA granted only an orphan designation, and the page states plainly that an orphan designation is not a marketing authorisation. Thymalfasin is authorised nationally in Italy, which confers no UK status.
Cited in: Thymosin alpha-1
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Blood, 2006 · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-02-004762 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC; the publisher page was not directly accessible.
Cited in: Thymosin alpha-1
Primary research
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Jastreboff AM, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine, 2022
SURMOUNT-1, 2,539 participants, 72 weeks.
Cited in: Tirzepatide
Primary research
Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Frías JP, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine, 2021
SURPASS-2. The semaglutide comparator was the 1 mg dose.
Cited in: Tirzepatide
Primary research
Treatment with 9-mg mazdutide for weight reduction in Chinese adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Gao L, et al.. JAMA, 2026 · doi:10.1001/jama.2026.8142 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Source of the adverse-event rates quoted in the safety section.
Cited in: Mazdutide
Primary researchCitation not yet verified
Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Grönberg A, Mahlapuu M, Ståhle M, et al.. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2014 · doi:10.1111/wrr.12211 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Bibliographic record confirmed via Europe PMC.
Cited in: LL-37
Primary research
Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial (opens pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Sanyal AJ et al.. Nature Medicine, 2024 · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03018-2 (opens doi.org in a new tab)
Cited in: Retatrutide
Review or secondary source
Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Casarini L, et al.. Endocrine Reviews, 2018
Cited in: HCG
GuidanceCitation not yet verified
United Kingdom Accreditation Service (opens ukas.com in a new tab)
UKAS · accessed 17 August 2026
Publishes accreditation schedules showing which methods a laboratory is accredited for.
Cited in: What a certificate of analysis actually shows, Interpreting certificates of analysis, Independent third-party analysis
Review or secondary source
Vitamin B12 deficiency (opens pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S. BMJ, 2014
Cited in: Vitamin B12
Regulator or official body
VYLEESI (bremelanotide) prescribing information (opens dailymed.nlm.nih.gov in a new tab)
DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2019 · accessed 20 August 2026
Approved in the United States for a specific diagnosis in premenopausal women, and explicitly not indicated for postmenopausal women or men. There is no UK marketing authorisation, so United States approval confers no UK status.
Cited in: PT-141
Regulator or official body
Water for Injections BP, solvent for parenteral use — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2020 · accessed 20 August 2026
PL 03551/0077. The preservative-free UK standard, indicated for preparation and dilution of parenteral preparations. Also prescription only — so the classification is not an artefact of the preservative.
Cited in: Bacteriostatic water
Regulator or official body
Wegovy FlexTouch solution for injection in pre-filled pen — Summary of Product Characteristics (opens medicines.org.uk in a new tab)
electronic Medicines Compendium, 2024 · accessed 22 August 2026
Active substance semaglutide; marketing authorisation holder Novo Nordisk Limited. Legal category: prescription-only medicine. Ozempic and Rybelsus are further licensed presentations of the same active substance.
Cited in: Semaglutide
Guidance
World Anti-Doping Code International Standard Prohibited List 2026 (opens wada-ama.org in a new tab)
World Anti-Doping Agency, 2026 · accessed 20 August 2026
Section S4.4.1 names this compound explicitly among activators of AMP-activated protein kinase, prohibited at all times both in and out of competition, as a non-specified substance. Read in full from the official document.
Cited in: AICAR, MOTS-c
Regulator or official bodyCitation not yet verified
Yellow Card scheme — reporting suspected adverse reactions (opens yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk in a new tab)
MHRA · accessed 17 August 2026
The UK route for reporting suspected side effects, defective products and falsified medicines.