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  • Research use only — not for human or veterinary use
  • 67 compound profiles, every source cited
  • 26 research materials listed
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Research library

Compound overviews and evidence summaries

Each research profile describes what has been investigated, separates evidence by the level at which it was obtained, and states explicitly where evidence is absent, limited or conflicting.

Commonly confused compounds are also set out side by side in the research comparisons, and every change to the library is recorded in the research updates.

Showing all 67 published profiles.

Small molecule

5-amino-1MQ

Also known as 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium

A small-molecule enzyme inhibitor, not a peptide, with no human data of any kind.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Research reagent

Acetic acid solution

Also known as E260, Glacial acetic acid (concentrate)

A dilute acid used to adjust pH. A food additive and a pharmaceutical excipient, not a medicine in its own right.

Not assessed — evidence level 0 of 4: Evidence not yet assessedNot a medicine — UK regulatory status: Not classified as a medicinal product

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Peptide

Adamax

Also known as N-acetyl semax adamantane analogue

A modified Semax analogue with no published scientific literature of any kind.

Not assessed — evidence level 0 of 4: Evidence not yet assessedExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

AHK-Cu

Also known as Alanyl-histidyl-lysine copper

A copper tripeptide complex analogous to GHK-Cu, resting on a single laboratory study and with no verified cosmetic-ingredient identity in Great Britain.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Small molecule

AICAR

Also known as Acadesine, AICA riboside

A nucleoside used as a laboratory activator of an energy-sensing enzyme. Its large phase 3 trial was stopped for futility.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

AOD-9604

Also known as Tyr-hGH177-191, AOD9604

A synthetic fragment of human growth hormone whose pivotal obesity trial failed, and whose widely claimed regulatory status does not exist.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

ARA-290

Also known as Cibinetide

An erythropoietin-derived peptide with genuine phase 2 trials, no phase 3, and a discontinued development programme.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Research reagent

Bacteriostatic water

Also known as Bacteriostatic water for injection

Water with a preservative added. A UK-authorised product of this name exists and is prescription only.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Protein

Botulinum toxin

Also known as BoNT

A neurotoxic protein that blocks acetylcholine release. A prescription-only medicine in the UK, and a Schedule 5 toxin under anti-terrorism law.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Peptide

BPC-157

Also known as Body protection compound 157, PL 14736

A synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a sequence reported in gastric juice, studied predominantly in animal injury models.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Combination

BPC-157 and TB-500 combination

Also known as Wolverine stack

A two-peptide mixture. The single study that tested it against its own constituents found no additive benefit.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

Cagrilintide

Also known as AM833, NNC0174-0833, Long-acting amylin analogue

An investigational analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin studied for its activity at amylin and calcitonin receptors.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Combination

Cagrilintide and semaglutide combination

Also known as CagriSema

An investigational combination with large phase 3 trials, containing a prescription-only medicine.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Biological material

Cerebrolysin

Also known as Porcine brain-derived peptide preparation

A standardised preparation of peptides and amino acids produced from porcine brain tissue, authorised as a medicine in some countries but not in the UK.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Combination

CJC-1295 and ipamorelin combination

Also known as CJC/Ipa

A two-peptide mixture with no combination data, in which the identity of one component is usually unstated.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

CJC-1295 with DAC

Also known as CJC-1295 DAC, Modified GRF with drug affinity complex

A growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue carrying an albumin-binding moiety that extends its half-life to several days.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

CJC-1295 without DAC

Also known as Modified GRF 1-29, Mod GRF 1-29

A growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue lacking the albumin-binding moiety. It has no published study of its own at any evidence level.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Cortagen

Also known as Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro

A synthetic tetrapeptide from the Russian peptide bioregulator programme, with no human clinical studies of any design.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

DSIP

Also known as Delta sleep-inducing peptide, Emideltide

A nonapeptide isolated in 1977 and proposed as a sleep factor, whose status as a discrete endogenous signalling peptide has never been confirmed.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Epitalon

Also known as Epithalon, AEDG, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

A synthetic tetrapeptide developed as a defined analogue of a pineal extract, studied almost entirely by a single research programme.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Biological material

Exosome-related material

Also known as UC-MSC exosome preparation, Extracellular vesicle preparation

Extracellular vesicle preparations derived from cultured cells. No exosome product holds a marketing authorisation in the UK or elsewhere.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceUnlicensed — UK regulatory status: Unlicensed medicinal product (UK)

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Peptide

FOXO4-DRI

Also known as FOXO4 D-retro-inverso peptide

A senolytic peptide designed to disrupt a protein interaction in senescent cells. One independent study found it worsened outcomes.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

GHK-Cu

Also known as Copper tripeptide-1, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper

The copper complex of a naturally occurring human tripeptide, used as a topical cosmetic ingredient and studied in tissue repair.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

GHRP-2

Also known as Pralmorelin, KP-102

A synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue, used in some countries as a diagnostic agent for growth hormone deficiency.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

GHRP-6

Also known as Growth hormone-releasing peptide 6

The prototype synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue, first described in 1984 and studied chiefly as a diagnostic probe.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Combination

Glow combination

Also known as GLOW blend

A three-peptide mixture with no published study of the combination at any level.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Glutathione

Also known as GSH, Gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine

The cell’s principal low-molecular-weight thiol antioxidant. No injectable glutathione product holds a UK marketing authorisation.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceUnlicensed — UK regulatory status: Unlicensed medicinal product (UK)

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Peptide

Gonadorelin

Also known as GnRH, LHRH

The hypothalamic decapeptide controlling gonadotrophin release. A prescription-only medicine in the UK, licensed for diagnostic use.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Hormone

HCG

Also known as Human chorionic gonadotropin, Chorionic gonadotrophin

A placental glycoprotein hormone acting at the LH/CG receptor. A prescription-only medicine in the UK.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Peptide

Hexarelin

Also known as Hexarelin acetate, Examorelin

A synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue with a documented decline in response over repeated administration.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Hormone

HMG

Also known as Human menopausal gonadotropin, Menotrophin

A purified preparation of FSH and LH activity from human urine. A prescription-only medicine in the UK.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Protein

IGF-1 LR3

Also known as Long R3 IGF-I, Long [Arg3] IGF-I

A laboratory-engineered analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1, used as a cell-culture reagent. Not the same molecule as recombinant human IGF-1.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Illustrative Compound ALPHA-1

Also known as ALPHA-1, Teaching example A

A fictional research peptide used to demonstrate how Terminus Peptides presents a compound overview. ALPHA-1 does not exist.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceNot a medicine — UK regulatory status: Not classified as a medicinal product

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Peptide analogue

Illustrative Compound BETA-2

Also known as BETA-2, Teaching example B

A fictional peptide analogue used to demonstrate how a profile reads when the underlying evidence is limited to animal work. BETA-2 does not exist.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceNot a medicine — UK regulatory status: Not classified as a medicinal product

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Research reagent

Illustrative Compound GAMMA-3

Also known as GAMMA-3, Teaching example C

A fictional laboratory reagent used to demonstrate how the site presents a compound that is studied only as a research tool. GAMMA-3 does not exist.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceNot a medicine — UK regulatory status: Not classified as a medicinal product

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Peptide

Ipamorelin

Also known as NNC 26-0161

A synthetic pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue whose one controlled human trial did not meet its endpoint.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Kisspeptin-10

Also known as KP-10, Metastin fragment 45-54

The shortest bioactive fragment of the kisspeptin family, studied as an upstream regulator of the reproductive hormone axis.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Combination

Klow combination

Also known as KLOW blend

A four-peptide mixture. Literature searches under this name return no scientific results at all.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

KPV

Also known as Lysine-proline-valine, Lys-Pro-Val

The C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, studied in cell culture and in mouse models of intestinal inflammation.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Small molecule

L-Carnitine

Also known as Levocarnitine

A quaternary amine essential for mitochondrial fatty-acid transport. The injectable form is a prescription-only medicine in the UK.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Combination

Lemon Bottle

A trade name. A national regulator’s laboratory could not find the declared ingredients in samples it tested.

Not assessed — evidence level 0 of 4: Evidence not yet assessedUnlicensed — UK regulatory status: Unlicensed medicinal product (UK)

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Combination

Lipo-C

Also known as Lipotropic combination, MIC injection

A compounded mixture with no fixed formula, typically containing two substances that are prescription-only as injectables.

Not assessed — evidence level 0 of 4: Evidence not yet assessedUnlicensed — UK regulatory status: Unlicensed medicinal product (UK)

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Peptide

LL-37

Also known as Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide

The only cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide found in humans, and a genuine component of innate immunity.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

Mazdutide

Also known as IBI362, LY3305677

A dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist with four published phase 3 trials, all conducted in China.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

Melanotan I

Also known as Afamelanotide, NDP-MSH, [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH

The same molecule as afamelanotide, the active substance of an authorised medicine.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Peptide

Melanotan II

Also known as MT-II

A non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist. The MHRA has repeatedly acted to remove products containing it from the UK market.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

MGF

Also known as Mechano growth factor, IGF-1Ec E-domain peptide

A peptide from a splice variant of IGF-1 whose foundational finding failed independent replication.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

MOTS-c

Also known as Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c

A 16-amino-acid microprotein encoded within the mitochondrial genome, studied in metabolic and exercise physiology.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Small molecule

NAD+

Also known as Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A coenzyme central to energy metabolism. Its oral precursors have a genuine trial base; the infused form has almost none.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Oxytocin

Also known as Oxytocin acetate

A nonapeptide hormone. A prescription-only medicine in the UK, licensed for obstetric use only.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Peptide

PEG-MGF

Also known as PEGylated mechano growth factor

A PEGylated form of MGF with no primary published study of its own at any evidence level.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Pinealon

Also known as EDR peptide, Glu-Asp-Arg

A synthetic tripeptide from the Russian peptide bioregulator programme, with no registered clinical trials.

Animal — evidence level 2 of 4: Animal evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

PT-141

Also known as Bremelanotide, Vyleesi

A melanocortin receptor agonist with genuine phase 3 evidence, approved in the United States but not in the UK.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

Retatrutide

Also known as LY3437943, GGG tri-agonist

An investigational synthetic peptide studied as an agonist at the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Selank

Also known as TP-7, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro

A synthetic heptapeptide derived from the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin, studied chiefly in Russian anxiety research.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

Semaglutide

Also known as GLP-1 receptor agonist

A long-acting synthetic analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1. A prescription-only medicine in the UK.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Peptide

Semax

Also known as ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro

A synthetic heptapeptide derived from a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, studied chiefly in Russian stroke research.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

Sermorelin

Also known as GHRH(1-29), Geref

Synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone fragment, formerly a licensed medicine in the United States for paediatric growth hormone deficiency.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

SNAP-8

Also known as Acetyl octapeptide-3

A cosmetic peptide with a recognised topical ingredient identity, and no published study of it as a single agent.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

SS-31

Also known as Elamipretide, MTP-131, Forzinity

A mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide holding a US accelerated approval for one ultra-rare condition, and no UK authorisation.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

TB-500

Also known as TB500, Thymosin beta-4 fragment, Ac-LKKTETQ

A synthetic seven-residue fragment of thymosin beta-4, containing the actin-binding motif. It is a different molecule from the full-length protein.

In vitro — evidence level 1 of 4: In-vitro evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

Tesamorelin

Also known as TH9507

A stabilised analogue of growth-hormone-releasing hormone. Licensed in the United States; no UK marketing authorisation.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidenceUnlicensed — UK regulatory status: Unlicensed medicinal product (UK)

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Biological material

Thymalin

Also known as Thymus peptide preparation

A peptide preparation derived from thymus tissue, developed in the Soviet Union and studied almost entirely by one research programme.

Early human — evidence level 3 of 4: Early human evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide

Thymosin alpha-1

Also known as Thymalfasin

A 28-amino-acid peptide corresponding to a naturally occurring thymic peptide, studied as an immune modulator in infection and sepsis.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidenceExperimental — UK regulatory status: Experimental — not authorised for human use in the UK

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Peptide analogue

Tirzepatide

Also known as GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist, LY3298176

A synthetic dual agonist of the GIP and GLP-1 receptors. A prescription-only medicine in the UK.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Peptide

VIP

Also known as Vasoactive intestinal peptide, Aviptadil

A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide of the secretin family. Its synthetic form is a component of a UK prescription-only medicine.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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Small molecule

Vitamin B12

Also known as Cyanocobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin, Cobalamin

A cobalt-containing vitamin essential to methylation and DNA synthesis. The injectable form is a prescription-only medicine in the UK.

Clinical — evidence level 4 of 4: Established clinical evidencePrescription only — UK regulatory status: Prescription-only medicine (UK)

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